Natural Gas with its Future

20 per cent share of natural gas in the world energy demand is fulfilled. Where does gas come from? How safe or the environment agree, and they will be provided katadinai or our strength?

Scientists believe that over millions of years to accumulate in layers and animals gachapata dhansabasesa, plankatana, dust and mud, etc. are covered under the study. Including underground heat, pressure, and gradually it is becoming as a result of bacterial decomposition of oil, coal and natural gas, one of whom is said to fossil fuels or fossil fuel. The accumulation of gas in the bottom of the situation at the situation at the level of flawless rock it turns out that a large volume of gas ksetreaneka gas field, a few decades paryantaprthibite trillion cubic meters, and the total volume of the biggest gas fields in the direction of the row is the first in Russia.

 
How is gas found?
Satellite (Remote Sensing satellite), Global pajisanim System (Global positioning system), sound (Reflection seismology) and computer (Computer). Ultrasound is used in the medical science Seismology reflex test mataucu sound levels that are reflected back to the world stage. The sound waves to examine the structure of the channel is to know about computers. Bhaibretarera usually minor blast or the sound produced is sent inside bhustarera and three-dimensional images of the computer that it is an idea of ​​the potential gas fields. High pressure gas exploration in the sea air, or water vapor is sent to the bottom of the sea. Haidrophona reflects the pressure vessel through the device reached the study examines the potential gas field where the idea of ​​computers grows.

 
To be economically profitable gas and gas pressure must have sufficient amount of gas. Easy to measure gas pressure, but the total amount of gas to be determined relatively kathinaparimana assess a given method of measuring the amount of gas pressure gas pressure measured out again. If the pressure difference can be seen in a small amount of gas is higher than the pressure variations in the amount of reserves will be less.

Processing of Gas
After the extraction of the gas pipe were taken to the refinery or refinery for refining. The unexpected refinery mixed gas used in the gas such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, water vapor, etc., are separated. The distillation process to separate nitrogen gas from the gas hayaananya byabaharya valued, such as helium, propane butane, Ethel is different. So what is left of the natural gas. So we have all of the methane gas are used as fuel gas is methane. Independent methane, letters and odorless gas, and with a little amount of sulfur compound to secure dahyamithenake misye substance that is given. The pungent smell of sulfur gas emissions, primarily due to the blast occurred is unable to detect and avoid other fossil fuels such as coal or oil yayagyasa safe, clean and environmentally friendly.

 
The temperature is reduced to facilitate the transport of gas taralibhuta. Butane and propane taralibhuta petroleum gas or LP, G (liquefied Petrolium Gas) cylinders used for cooking or transport of propane hayabiutena and plastics, synthetic fibers, various types of solvents, and other materials are made.

How long will gas?
Ideas can be found in the future will have an additional 45 per cent of the current rate of gas to be used if you have more than 60 years, the use of gas is growing rapidly yabejbalanira puts our energy, run out of fossil fuels, nuclear and renewable or nuclear energy energy sources, such as suryarasmi, or wind energy to meet future energy needs can do? Time will tell.

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PetroChina; is the largest oil and gas producer and distributor in China

PetroChina Company Limited (“PetroChina”) is the largest oil and gas producer and distributor, playing a dominant role in the oil and gas industry in China. It is not only one of the companies with the biggest sales revenue in China, but also one of the largest oil companies in the world. PetroChina was established as a joint stock company with limited liabilities by China National Petroleum Corporation under the Company Law and the Special Regulations on the Overseas Offering and Listing of Shares by Joint Stock Limited Companies on November 5th, 1999. The American Depositary Shares (ADS) and H shares of PetroChina were listed on the New York Stock Exchange on April 6, 2000 (stock code: PTR) and the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited on April 7, 2000 (stock code: 857) respectively. It was listed on Shanghai Stock Exchange on November 5, 2007 (stock code: 601857).

Since the foundation, PetroChina has established and improved standard corporate governance structure, in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations including the Company Law and the Mandatory Provisions for the Articles of Association of Companies to be Listed Overseas and the Articles of Association. The shareholders’ meeting, the Board of Directors and the Supervisory Committee of the Company can operate independently and effectively in accordance with the Articles of Association.

PetroChina commits itself to becoming an international energy company with strong competitiveness and one of the major producers and distributors of petroleum and petrochemical products in the world. It engages in wide range of activities related to oil and natural gas, including: exploration, development, production and marketing of crude oil and natural gas; refining, transportation, storage and marketing of crude oil and oil products; the production and marketing of primary petrochemical products, derivative chemicals and other chemicals; transportation of natural gas, crude oil and refined oil, and marketing of natural gas. 

PetroChina, under the guidance of the concept of scientific development, is dedicated to implementing three strategies of resources, markets and internationalization. PetroChina is committed to accelerating the transformation of economic growth, improving the self-innovation capacity, establishing long-efficient mechanism of safety, environmental protection and energy conservation and creating a harmonious enterprise, in order to transform itself to an international energy company with strong competitiveness.

China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) is the sole sponsor and controlling shareholder of PetroChina. It is a large petroleum and petrochemical corporate group, established in July 1998, in accordance with Plan for the Organizations Structure Reform of the State Council. CNPC is a large state-owned enterprise managed by the investment organs authorized by the state and State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. 

Company's Registered Chinese Name : 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 
Company's English Name : PetroChina Company Limited 
Company Secretary : Wu Enlai

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Total S.A; A French multinational integrated oil and Gas Company

Total S.A. is French multinational integrated oil and Gas Company and one of the six "Super major" oil companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading. Total is also a large-scale chemicals manufacturer. The company has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The building was originally constructed between 1983 and 1985 for Elf Aquitaine; Total SA acquired the building after its merger with Elf in 2000.

Christophe de Margerie was chief executive from 14 February 2007 until 20 October 2014, when he died in a plane crash at Vnukovo Airport in Moscow. During the plane's takeoff roll it collided with a snowplow which had failed to follow the remainder of its convoy. His total annual compensation for this role was €2,746,335, consisting of a €1,250,000 salary and €1,496,335 bonus. The present chairman and CEO of the company is Patrick Pouyanné (2014 to present). On December 16, 2015, Patricia Barbizet was named Lead Independent Director. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

The company was founded after World War I, when the then French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré rejected the idea of forming a partnership with Royal Dutch Shell in favour of creating an entirely French oil company. At Poincaré's behest, Col. Ernest Mercier with the support of ninety banks and companies founded Total on 28 March 1924, as the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP), literally the "French Petroleum Company". 

Petroleum was seen as vital in the case of a new war with Germany. As per the agreement reached during the San Remo conference of 1920, the French state received the 25% share held by Deutsche Bank in the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) as part of the compensation for war damages caused by Germany during World War I. The French government's stake in TPC was transferred to CFP, and the Red Line agreement in 1928 rearranged the shareholding of CPF in TPC (later renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1929) to 23.75%. The company from the start was regarded as a private sector company in view of its listing on the Paris Stock Exchange in 1929.

The company during the 1930s was engaged in exploration and production, primarily from the Middle East. Its first refinery began operating in Normandy in 1933. After World War II, CFP engaged in oil exploration in Venezuela, Canada, and Africa while pursuing energy sources within France. Exploration in Algeria, then a French colony, began in 1946, with Algeria becoming a leading source of oil in the 1950s. In 1954, CFP introduced its downstream product – Total brand of gasoline in the African continent and Europe.
In 1980, Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd., a company controlled 50% by CFP, bought the American refining and marketing assets of Vickers Petroleum as part of a sell-off by Esmark of its energy holdings. This purchase gave Total refining capacity, transportation, and a network of 350 service stations in 20 states. 

The company renamed itself Total CFP in 1985, to build on the popularity of its gasoline brand. Later in 1991, the name was changed to Total, when it became a public company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The French government, who used to control more than 30 percent of the company's stock in 1991, reduced its stake in the firm to less than 1 percent by 1996, In the time period between 1990 and 1994, foreign ownership of the firm increased from 23 per cent to 44 per cent.

Meanwhile, Total continued to expand its retail presence in North America under several brand names. In 1989, Denver, Colorado, based Total Petroleum, Total CFP's North American unit, purchased 125 Road Runner retail locations from Texarkana, Texas-based Truman Arnold Companies. By 1993, Total Petroleum was operating 2,600 retail stores under the Vickers, Apco, Road Runner, and Total brands. That year, the company began remodeling and rebranding all of its North American gasoline and convenience stores to use the Total name. Only four years later, Total sold its North American refining and retail operations to Ultramar Diamond Shamrock for $400 million in stock and $414 million in assumed debt.

After Total's takeover of Petrofina of Belgium in 1999, it became known as Total Fina. Afterwards it also acquired Elf Aquitaine. First named TotalFinaElf after the merger in 2000, it was later renamed back to Total on 6 May 2003. During that rebranding, the current globe logo was unveiled.

As of 31 December 2014 Total S.A. had 903 subsidiaries consolidated into the group results, together with significant affiliate investments and joint ventures, mostly in LPG. In addition Total had other significant equity holdings amounting to about 3bn euros, treated as investments and was involved in a number of significant joint ventures, mostly relating to LPG and LNG exploration, production and shipping. The joint ventures that are treated as subsidiaries are listed in the consolidated subsidiary section.

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Gazprom; a global energy company.

Gazprom is a global energy company. Its major business lines are geological exploration, production, transportation, storage, processing and sales of gas, gas condensate and oil, sales of gas as a vehicle fuel as well as generation and marketing of heat and electric power.

Gazprom was created in 1989 when the Soviet Ministry of Gas Industry was converted to a corporation, retaining all of its assets. Although it is a private company, the Russian government holds a majority stake in the company. Gazprom is involved in the Russian government's diplomatic efforts; distortions of gas prices, and access to pipelines.Gazprom owns a private army.

Gazprom's production fields are located around the Gulf of Ob in Western Siberia. Plans have also been made to mine the Yamal Peninsula. Gazprom's gas transport system includes 158,200 kilometres of gas trunk lines. Projects include Nord Stream and South Stream. In 2011, the company produced about 513.2 billion cubic metres (18.12 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas, more than seventeen percent of global gas production. Gazprom also produced about 32.3 million tons of crude oil and nearly 12.1 million tons of gas condensate.

The company has subsidiaries in industrial sectors including finance, media and aviation, and majority stakes in other companies.

Gazprom views its mission in reliable, efficient and balanced supply of natural gas, other energy resources and their derivatives to consumers.

Gazprom holds the world’s largest natural gas reserves. The Company’s share in the global and Russian gas reserves makes up 17 and 72 per cent respectively. Gazprom accounts for 12 and 72 per cent of the global and Russian gas output accordingly. At present, the Company actively implements large-scale projects aimed at exploiting gas resources of the Yamal Peninsula, Arctic Shelf, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, as well as hydrocarbons exploration and production projects abroad.

Gazprom is a reliable supplier of gas to Russian and foreign consumers. The Company owns the world’s largest gas transmission network – the Unified Gas Supply System of Russia with the total length of over 168 thousand kilometers. Gazprom sells more than half of overall produced gas to Russian consumers and exports gas to more than 30 countries within and beyond the former Soviet Union.
 

Gazprom is the only producer and exporter of liquefied natural gas in Russia.The Company is among Russia’s five largest oil producers and it is the largest owner of power generating assets in the country. These assets account for 15 per cent of the total installed capacity of the national energy system.
 

PJSC Gazprom’s strategic goal is to establish itself as a leader among global energy companies by diversifying sales markets, ensuring reliable supplies, increasing operating efficiency and using scientific and technical potential.

Gazprom is a vertically integrated company, one which owns its supply and distribution activities. Gazprom owns all its main gas processing facilities in Russia. It operates Russia's high pressure gas pipelines and since 2006, it has held a legal export monopoly. Other natural gas producers, such as Novatek, Russia's second largest gas company, are forced to use Gazprom's facilities for processing and transport of natural gas.

At the end of 2008, Gazprom had 221,300 employees in its major gas production, transportation, underground storage and processing subsidiaries. Of these employees, 9.5 percent were in management, 22.9 percent were specialists, 63.4 percent were workers and 4.2 percent were other employees. Gazprom's headquarters are in the Cheryomushki District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow.

Gazprom is a national champion, a concept advocated by Putin, in which large companies in strategic sectors are expected not only to seek profit, but also to advance Russia's national interests. For example, Gazprom sells gas to its domestic market at a price less than that of the global market. In 2008, Gazprom's activities made up 10 percent of the Russian gross domestic product.

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Know More About Natural Gas (NG)

What is natural gas?
Natural gas is an odorless, nontoxic, gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons—predominantly methane (CH4). Because it is a gas, it must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a compressed gaseous or lique-fied state. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is typically stored in a tank at a pressure of 3,000 to 3,600 pounds per square inch.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is super-cooled and stored in its liquid phase at -260°F in special insulated tanks. Natural gas is sold in units of gasoline or diesel gallon equivalents based on the energy content of a gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel.

How and where is natural gas produced and distributed?
Natural gas is drawn from wells or extracted in conjunction with crude oil production. Biomethane, a renewable form of natural gas, is produced from decaying organic materials, such as waste from landfills, wastewater, and livestock. In recent years, 80% to 90% of the natural gas used in the United States was produced domestically. The United States has a vast natural gas distribution system, which can quickly and economically distribute natural gas to and from almost any location in the lower 48 states.

How is natural gas used?
Natural gas accounts for about a quarter of the energy used in the United States. About one-third goes to residential and commercial uses, such as heating and cooking; one-third to industrial uses; and one-third to electric power production. Only about one-tenth of 1% is used for transportation fuel.

Is natural gas safe for use in vehicles?
Yes. NGVs meet the same safety standards as gasoline and diesel vehicles and also meet the National Fire Protection Association’s (NFPA) NFPA 52 Vehicular Fuel System Code. Natural gas has a narrow flammability range and, because it is lighter than air, dissipates quickly if released. NGV fuel tanks are strong and extremely puncture resistant.

What NGVs are available?
A wide variety of new, heavy-duty NGVs are available. The Honda Civic GX is the only light-duty NGV available from a U.S. original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Consumers and fleets also have the option of economically and reliably converting existing light- or heavy-duty gasoline or diesel vehicles for natural gas operation using certified installers.

How do NGVs work?
NGVs operate in one of three modes: dedicated, bifuel, or dual-fuel. Dedicated NGVs run on only natural gas. Bifuel NGVs can run on either natural gas or gasoline. Dual-fuel vehicles run on natural gas and use diesel for ignition assist. Light-duty vehicles typically operate in dedicated or bifuel modes, and heavy duty vehicles operate in dedicated or dual-fuel modes. A CNG fuel system transfers high-pressure natural gas from the storage tank to the engine while reducing the pressure of the gas to the operating pressure of the engine’s fuel-management system.

The natural gas is injected into the engine intake air the same way gasoline is injected into a gasoline-fueled engine. The engine functions the same way as a gasoline engine: The fuel-air mixture is compressed and ignited by a spark plug and the expanding gases produce rotational forces that propel the vehicle.

On the vehicle, natural gas is stored in tanks as CNG, or in some heavy-duty vehicles, as LNG, a more expensive option. The form chosen is often dependent on the range a driver needs. More natural gas can be stored in the tanks as LNG than as CNG.

How do NGVs perform?
Natural gas vehicles are similar to gasoline or diesel vehicles with regard to power, acceleration, and cruising speed. The driving range of NGVs is generally less than that of comparable gasoline and diesel vehicles because, with natural gas, less overall energy content can be stored in the same size tank as the more energy-dense gasoline or diesel fuels.

Extra natural gas storage tanks or the use of LNG can help increase range for larger vehicles. In heavy-duty vehicles, dual-fuel, compression-ignited engines are slightly more fuel-efficient than spark-ignited dedicated natural gas engines. However, a dual-fuel engine increases the complexity of the fuel-storage system by requiring storage of both types of fuel.

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Know More About Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

What is LNG?
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is methane in the form of a bubbling, super-cold liquid. (By contrast, Compressed Natural Gas is highly pressurized methane vapor.) Chilling natural gas to its liquid state shrinks its volume by a factor of 600 and allows for its transportation to places where pipelines do not run. LNG is the form that natural gas takes when it is exported overseas on tanker ships. To a lesser extent, LNG is used as vehicle fuel in, for example, long-haul trucks.

How is LNG made?
Through a cryogenic process called "liquefaction," methane is turned to liquid at - 259 degrees F. An LNG export terminal typically requires its own power plant to generate the immense energy so required to achieve this ultra-low temperature.

How are low temperatures maintained during storage and transport? 

Contained in Thermos bottle-like tanks, LNG stays cold through insulation, refrigeration, and evaporative cooling. As the liquid methane inside slowly warms up, some of it vaporizes. This gas is vented to maintain the remaining liquid at - 259 degrees F and to prevent explosions. That is, LNG tanks leak methane gas by design. Smaller tanks sweat methane directly into the atmosphere. Some larger tanks are engineered to capture the boiled-off gas and reuse it, but this not a leak-proof process.

What happens after LNG arrives at its destination?
Before it is used or sent down a pipeline, LNG must be re-vaporized in a re-gasification terminal. Re-gasification is also energy intensive, requires massive infrastructure, and includes periodic methane flaring to control pressure.
   
Is LNG safe? 
If LNG spills into water, it explodes. If LNG spills on the ground, it turns into rapidly expanding clouds of vaporizing methane that can asphyxiate by displacing oxygen and flash-freeze human flesh.1 If ignited at the source, these vapors become flaming "pool fires" that burn hotter than other fuels and cannot be extinguished? Drifting in the wind, an ignitable vapor cloud can threaten large populations. Highly volatile LNG cannot be odorized, so there is no warning of a leak. The ongoing prohibition on LNG facilities in New York State was the result of a deadly explosion in 1973 that blew apart an empty LNG tank in Staten Island and killed 40 people.

Is LNG climate friendly?
The Refrigeration, venting, leaks and flaring of gas makes LNG, 30% more energy intensive than conventional natural gas. The carbon footprint of LNG is at least as bad as coal and, when used as vehicle fuel, worse than diesel.
   
Do LNG facilities create toxic pollution?
LNG plants discharge wastewater laced with mercury and toxic hydrocarbons.' And before the gas is liquefied, it must be purged of freezable benzene. In New Brunswick in fall 2013, 7,500 migrating songbirds were killed in a single night while flying over an LNG facility that was flaring off gas" In San Diego, LNG vehicle fuel has contributed to smog.' In Australia, LNG plants are responsible for nitrogen dioxide emissions that exceed safe limits.'

How is LNG connected to frackine?
LNG facilities encourage fracking by creating storage for the glut of gas that fracking has created, by enabling its export, and by driving up prices and profit margins.' The gas industry views fracking and LNG as intimately related.'" LNG is fracked gas made liquid.

Is LNG a security threat? 
LNG tanks and ships are terrorist targets, with AI-Qaeda showing specific interest. In its 2008 report, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Infrastructure Security, the Congressional Research Service warned, "LNG infrastructure is inherently hazardous and potentially attractive to terrorists....Local officials...have challenged numerous LNG infrastructure proposals on the grounds that they may represent an unacceptable risk to the public." If an LNG tanker ship lost ten percent of its cargo and the resulting three million gallon spill of LNG ignited, the flaming vapor cloud created could extend for three miles—and burn human flesh a mile beyond that. LNG ships and terminals require security zones, gunboat escorts, and intense surveillance.

What are the alternatives? 
Erecting LNG export terminals, each one of which costs billions of dollars—will further entrench long-term, world-wide dependency on fossil fuels during a time of climate crisis. Instead, we should invest in infrastructure for renewable energy, which offers both energy independence and security. Mark Jacobson at Stanford University, with colleagues at Cornell, has provided us such a blueprint in the form of a plan to derive all of the nation's energy from wind, water, and sunlight while creating sustainable jobs and energy price stability.
   
   

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Padma Oil Company Limited

Padma Oil Company Limited is not only the biggest but also the oldest with its antecedents stretching well back to the colonial period of British-India. Its ancestral enterprise ‘Rangoon Oil Company’ established petroleum business in this part of the world by the middle of nineteenth century. Following is a Synopsis of Padma Oil Company’s historical background.

In 1874 ‘Rangoon Oil Company’ was registered as a Joint stock company in Scotland having its main business activities in Burma (Known to the British until the later years of the 19th century as BURMAH, which was a province of the then British India)

In 1885, Rangoon Oil Company was reconstituted and reformed as Burmah Oil company. Business of this Company was then spread over other provinces of British-India including Assam and Bengal. The Company’s Head office was at 191 West George Street, Glasgow, U.K.

Burmah Oil Company for the first time introduced drilling equipments for exploration of Oil in Burma in the year 1888. Previously oil was being collected in Burma by hand dug well.

Burmah Oil Company established their ‘Moheshkhal Oil Installation’ at Chittagong in the year 1903. In 1908, Burmah Oil Company conducted a geological survey in Chittagong. In 1914, Burmah Oil Company drilled a well at sitakunda, Chittagong. In the year 1920, M/s Bullock Brothers, a major distributor of Burmah Oil Company established their trading office at Sadarghat, Chittagong. In the year 1929, Burmah Oil Company took over the office of Bullock Brothers at Sadarghat, Chittagong including 4.1 acres of land and established their own office in it.

Prior to the partition of the sub-continent in 1947, mainly two oil marketing companies namely Burmah Oil Company (BOC) and Burmah shell Oil Storage and Distribution Company (BSOC) were operating Petroleum business in the area what now comprise Bangladesh. Burmah Shell established Aviation Depot at Tejgaon Airport in the year 1948.

Considering the Oil Marketing situation in erstwhile East Pakistan, Burmah Shell transferred their share to BOC and in the year 1965 a new company called ‘Burmah Eastern Limited’ was formed with 49% share of BOC. The rest portion of the share was issued to public & private individuals of Pakistan.
In 1977, Burmah Eastern Limited became a subsidiary of Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation.

In the year 1985, BOC transferred its entire property in Bangldesh (including share of Burmah Eastern Limited) in favour of Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC).
As per terms of the transfer of BOC’s entire share to BPC, Burmah Eastern Limited was required to change its name and as such subsequently the company’s name was changed as ‘PADMA OIL COMPANY LIMITED’ in the year 1988.

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